Do blue light filter applications improve sleep outcomes? A study of smartphone users' sleep quality in an observational setting.

Exposure to blue light at bedtime, suppresses melatonin secretion, postponing the sleep onset and interrupting the sleep process. Some smartphone manufacturers have introduced night-mode functions, which have been claimed to aid in improving sleep quality. In this study, we evaluate the impact of blue light filter application on decreasing blue light emissions and improving sleep quality. Participants in this study recorded the pattern of using their mobile phones through a questionnaire. In order to evaluate sleep quality, we used a PSQI questionnaire. Blue light filters were used by 9.7% of respondents, 9.7% occasionally, and 80% never. The mean score of PSQI was more than 5 in 54.10% of the participants and less than 5 in 45.90%. ANOVA test was performed to assess the relationship between using blue light filter applications and sleep quality (p-value = 0.925). The findings of this study indicate a connection between the use of blue light filter apps and habitual sleep efficiency in the 31-40 age group. However, our results align only to some extent with prior research, as we did not observe sustained positive effects on all parameters of sleep quality from the long-term use of blue light filtering apps. Several studies have found that blue light exposure can suppress melatonin secretion, exacerbating sleep problems. Some studies have reported that physical blue light filters, such as lenses, can affect melatonin secretion and improve sleep quality. However, the impact of blue light filtering applications remains unclear and debatable.

Using smartphones before bedtime and being exposed to its blue light can make it harder to fall asleep and disrupt your sleep. Some smartphone makers have introduced a night mode feature claiming it can help improve your sleep. In this study, we wanted to find out if using these blue light filters on smartphones really makes a difference. We asked people how often they used blue light filters on their phones and also had them fill out a questionnaire about their sleep quality. Only about 10% of people said they used blue light filters regularly, another 10% used them occasionally, and the majority, around 80%, never used them. When we looked at the results, more than half of the participants had sleep scores higher than 5, indicating they might have sleep problems. Less than half had sleep scores lower than 5, suggesting better sleep quality. We used some statistical tests to see if using blue light filters had any link to sleep quality, and the results showed that there was only a connection between the use of blue light filter apps and habitual sleep efficiency in the 31­40 age group. Our findings matched what other studies have found before, that using blue light filters on smartphones may not significantly help improve sleep. So, while it might be a good idea to limit smartphone use before bed, using a blue light filter app may not be the magic solution for better sleep.

Continuous air purification by aqueous interface filtration and absorption.

The adverse impact of particulate air pollution on human health1,2 has prompted the development of purification systems that filter particulates out of air3-5. To maintain performance, the filter units must inevitably be replaced at some point, which requires maintenance, involves costs and generates solid waste6,7. Here we show that an ion-doped conjugated polymer-coated matrix infiltrated with a selected functional liquid enables efficient, continuous and maintenance-free air purification. As the air to be purified moves through the system in the form of bubbles, the functional fluid provides interfaces for filtration and for removal of particulate matter and pollutant molecules from air. Theoretical modelling and experimental results demonstrate that the system exhibits high efficiency and robustness: its one-time air purification efficiency can reach 99.6%, and its dust-holding capacity can reach 950 g m-2. The system is durable and resistant to fouling and corrosion, and the liquid acting as filter can be reused and adjusted to also enable removal of bacteria or odours. We anticipate that our purification approach will be useful for the development of specialist air purifiers that might prove useful in a settings such as hospitals, factories and mines.

A facile technique to develop conductive paper based bioelectrodes for microbial fuel cell applications.

Electronic devices with multifunctional capabilities is forever an attractive area with diverse scope including towards developing solutions to sustainable energy technology. Microbial biofuel cells (MiBFCs) are one such sustainable energy technology based electronic device which can not only harvest energy, but can perform biosensing leading to bioremediation. However, low energy yield, costly fabrication procedures and bulky devices are some of the limitations of such MiBFCs. In this work, for the first time a simple vacuum filtration fabrication technique is used for making thin and conductive electrodes with homogeneous CNT solution for MiBFC application. The fully paper-based MiBFC is integrated into a compact micro device with 3D printed components which adds novelty to the work. The MiBFC is capable of maintaining a stable open circuit voltage of 410 mV for more than 1 h and can deliver a maximum power density of 192 µW/cm2 which is reasonably high for such paper-based MiBFCs operating with micro-volume of substrate. This device will help in developing more freestanding power sources for instant diagnostics and data transfer.

Regenerated Silk Nanofibers for Robust and Cyclic Adsorption-Desorption on Anionic Dyes.

In recent years, adsorption-based membranes have been widely investigated to remove and separate textile pollutants. However, cyclic adsorption-desorption to reuse a single adsorbent and clear scientific evidence for the adsorption-desorption mechanism remains challenging. Herein, silk nanofibers were used to assess the adsorption potential for the typical anionic dyes from an aqueous medium, and they show great potential toward the removal of acid dyes from the aqueous solution with an adsorption rate of ∼98% in a 1 min interaction. Further, we measured the filtration proficiency of a silk nanofiber membrane in order to propose a continuous mechanism for the removal of acid blue dye, and a complete rejection was observed with a maximum permeability rate of ∼360 ± 5 L·m-2·h-1. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies demonstrate that this fast adsorption occurs due to multiple interactions between the dye molecule and the adsorbent substrate. The as-prepared material also shows remarkable results in desorption. A 50-time cycle exhibits complete adsorption and desorption ability, which not only facilitates high removal aptitude but also produces less solid waste than other conventional adsorbents. Additionally, fluorescent 2-bromo-2-methyl-propionic acid (abbreviated as EtOxPY)-silk nanofibers can facilitate to illustrate a clear adsorption and desorption mechanism. Therefore, the above-prescribed results make electrospun silk nanofibers a suitable choice for removing anionic dyes in real-time applications.

Improvement of DBR routing protocol in underwater wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic and bloom filter.

Routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) and underwater Internet of Things (IoT_UWSN) networks have expanded significantly. DBR routing protocol is one of the most critical routing protocols in UWSNs. In this routing protocol, the energy consumption of the nodes, the rate of loss of sent packets, and the rate of drop of routing packets due to node shutdown have created significant challenges. For this purpose, in a new scenario called FB-DBR, clustering is performed, and fuzzy logic and bloom filter are used in each cluster's new routing protocol in underwater wireless sensor networks. Due to the fuzzy nature of the parameters used in DBR, better results are obtained and bloom filters are used in routing tables to compensate for the deceleration. as the average number of accesses to routing table entries, dead nodes, Number of Packets Sent to Base Station (BS), Number of Packets Received at BS, Packet Dropped, and Remaining Energy has improved significantly.

Neonatal digital chest radiography- should we be using additional copper filtration?

OBJECTIVES: Copper filtration removes lower energy X-ray photons, which do not enhance image quality but would otherwise contribute to patient radiation dose. This study explores the use of additional copper filtration for neonatal mobile chest imaging. METHODS: A controlled factorial-designed experiment was used to determine the effect of independent variables on image quality and radiation dose. These variables included: copper filtration (0 Cu, 0.1 Cu and 0.2 Cu), exposure factors, source-to-image distance and image receptor position (direct / tray). Image quality was evaluated using absolute visual grading analysis (VGA) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and entrance surface dose (ESD) was derived using an ionising chamber within the central X-ray beam. RESULTS: VGA, CNR and ESD significantly reduced (p < 0.01) when using added copper filtration. For 0.1 Cu, the percentage reduction was much greater for ESD (60%) than for VGA (14%) and CNR (20%), respectively. When compared to the optimal combinations of parameters for incubator imaging using no copper filtration, an increase in kV and mAs when using 0.1-mm Cu resulted in better image quality at the same radiation dose (direct) or, equal image quality at reduced dose (in-tray). The use of 0.1-mm Cu for neonatal chest imaging with a corresponding increase in kV and mAs is therefore recommended. CONCLUSION: Using additional copper filtration significantly reduces radiation dose (at increased mAs) without a detrimental effect on image quality. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This is the first study, using an anthropomorphic phantom, to explore the use of additional Cu for digital radiography neonatal chest imaging and therefore helps inform practice to standardise and optimise this imaging examination.

Airborne pathogenic microorganisms and air cleaning technology development: A review.

Transmission of pathogens through air is a critical pathway for the spread of airborne diseases, as airborne pathogenic microorganisms cause several harmful infections. This review summarizes the occurrence, transmission, and adverse impacts of airborne pathogenic microorganisms that spread over large distances via bioaerosols. Air cleaning technologies have demonstrated great potential to prevent and reduce the spread of airborne diseases. The recent advances in air cleaning technologies are summarized on the basis of their advantages, disadvantages, and adverse health effects with regard to the inactivation mechanisms. The application scope and energy consumption of different technologies are compared, and the characteristics of air cleaners in the market are discussed. The development of high-efficiency, low-cost, dynamic air cleaning technology is identified as the leading research direction of air cleaning. Furthermore, future research perspectives are discussed and further development of current air cleaning technologies is proposed.

A First Assessment of an Aerodynamic Barrier Layer for Filtering Airborne Hygroscopic Particles.

In this work, consideration is given to an aerodynamic concept to boost the filtration in face masks of airborne hygroscopic particles such as those caused by an infected person when coughs or sneezes. Nowadays, increasing the filtration efficiency of face masks implies either increasing the number of crisscrossing fiber layers or decreasing the equivalent hydraulic diameter of the pore, however, both measures are in clear detriment of its breathability. Here, a novel strategy is proposed in which the filtration of an airborne particle is boosted by increasing its diameter. We called properly this concept as the aerodynamic barrier layer. In this concept, a traditional crisscrossing fiber layer is replaced by a parallel rearranged of the fibers in the direction of the flow. This rearrangement will promote central lift forces which will push the particles toward the center of the channel where after clustering they will coalesce resulting in a bigger particle that can be now easily captured by a conventional fiber crisscrossing layer. Utilizing a simplified geometrical model, an expression for the required length of the aerodynamic barrier layer was derived. It is shown that an aerodynamic barrier layer with a length of only a few millimeters can aerodynamically focus water droplets around 1 µm-diameter and the penetration of airborne particles can be reduced up to 55%.

Digital asthenopia: blue-blocking lenses and + 0,40D additional power in the near zone, for eye strain, accommodation and convergence functions / Astenopia digital: avaliação de lentes com filtro de luz azul e poder adicional de +0,40D na zona de perto, para fadiga visual e nas funções de convergência e acomodação

ABSTRACT Purpose Evaluate blue-violet light filter and additional power of +0.40 D in the near zone ophthalmic lenses, on convergence, accommodative functions, and symptoms of digital asthenopia (DA). Methods Randomized study in cross-over design conducted on 49 volunteers (age, 29 ± 5.5 years; male: female, 18:31). Each subject wore test (+0.40 D in the near zone) and control lenses (regular single vision) for 4 weeks in randomized order. Both lenses had a selective blue-violet light filter. A baseline measurement was taken with the subjects' current updated glasses. Accommodation amplitude (AA) and near point of convergence (NPC) were measured binocularly with the RAF ruler. DA was evaluated by a questionnaire. Results No significant difference (p=.52) was found for AA comparing baseline (11.50±1.88 D), test (11.61± 1.62 D), and control SV lenses (11.88±1.50 D). No significant difference was found for NPC (p=.94), between baseline (6.50 ± 2.89cm), test (6.71± 3.49) and control SV lenses (6.82± 3.50 cm). No significant difference was found comparing test and control SV lenses in symptoms of DA (p=0.20). Conclusions The +0.40 D lenses have no negative impact on convergence or loss of accommodation power. The +0.40 D and control SV lenses had a similar impact on attenuating symptoms of DA.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos do uso de lentes oftálmicas com filtro seletivo de luz azul-violeta, sem e com poder adicional de + 0,4D na zona de perto nas funções de acomodação e convergência e para sintomas de astenopia digital (AD). Métodos Ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado e mascarado, com 49 voluntários (idade, 29 ± 5,5 anos; masculino: feminino, 18: 31). Cada participante usou lentes de teste (+0,40 D na zona de perto) e controle (visão simples), por 4 semanas de forma randomizada. Ambas as lentes tinham filtro seletivo de luz azul-violeta. A medição inicial (baseline) foi feita com os óculos atualizados de cada participante. A amplitude de acomodação (AA) e o ponto de convergência próximo (PPC) foram medidos binocularmente com a régua RAF. A AD foi avaliada por um questionário. Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,52) para as medidas de AA comparando as lentes baseline (11,50±1,88 D), teste (11,61±1,62 D) e controle VS (11,88±1,50 D). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada para a medida do PPC (p=0,94), entre as lentes baseline (6,50 ± 2,89cm), teste (6,71±3,49) e controle VS (6,82±3,50 cm). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada comparando lentes teste de VS e controle nos sintomas de AD (p=0,20). Conclusões As lentes com +0,40 D não têm impacto negativo na convergência ou na perda de acomodação. As lentes +0,40 D e controle VS, tiveram impacto semelhante na redução dos sintomas de AD.

Discrepancy of particle passage in 101 mask batches during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany.

During the first wave of Covid-19 infections in Germany in April 2020, clinics reported a shortage of filtering face masks with aerosol retention> 94% (FFP2 & 3, KN95, N95). Companies all over the world increased their production capacities, but quality control of once-certified materials and masks came up short. To help identify falsely labeled masks and ensure safe protection equipment, we tested 101 different batches of masks in 993 measurements with a self-made setup based on DIN standards. An aerosol generator provided a NaCl test aerosol which was applied to the mask. A laser aerosol spectrometer measured the aerosol concentration in a range from 90 to 500 nm to quantify the masks' retention. Of 101 tested mask batches, only 31 batches kept what their label promised. Especially in the initial phase of the pandemic in Germany, we observed fluctuating mask qualities. Many batches show very high variability in aerosol retention. In addition, by measuring with a laser aerosol spectrometer, we were able to show that not all masks filter small and large particles equally well. In this study we demonstrate how important internal and independent quality controls are, especially in times of need and shortage of personal protection equipment.

An Application of the Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene to Assess Perceived Community Acceptability and Feasibility of the Biosand Filter among Maasai Pastoralists in Rural Tanzania.

In addition to diarrheal disease risk, lack of access to safe water may have other indirect effects throughout one's life, such as school and workplace absenteeism, leading to less economic productivity. In contexts with scarce resources and unsafe drinking water, household water treatment and safe storage options such as the Biosand filter (BSF) allows households to directly reduce contamination and increase the quality of their drinking water. This study aimed to develop an understanding of perceived community acceptability and feasibility related to pre- and post-implementation of a BSF pilot project in rural Maasai households in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania. The study was guided by the Integrated Behavioral Model for Water Sanitation and Hygiene interventions (IBM-WASH) to understand the various factors influencing end-user perceptions of the BSF. In-depth interviews, group discussions and think tanks were conducted among a cross-section of community members, stakeholders, and other actors from May 2016 to September 2017. The data were analyzed using a thematic content analysis approach. A range of perceived contextual, technological, and psychosocial factors were found to potentially affect the acceptability and feasibility of BSF adoption in the NCA, highlighting the complex layers of influences in the setting. Whilst the BSF is seemingly an accepted option to treat water within the NCA, the community identified key barriers that may lower BSF adoption. The application of the IBM-WASH model served as a useful framework for evaluating the introduction of the BSF, identifying insights into contextual, technological, and psychosocial community factors.

Improving spatial resolution with an edge-enhancement model for low-dose propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography.

Propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (PB-PCCT) has been increasingly popular for distinguishing low contrast tissues. Phase retrieval is an important step to quantitatively obtain the phase information before the tomographic reconstructions, while typical phase retrieval methods in PB-PCCT, such as homogenous transport of intensity equation (TIE-Hom), are essentially low-pass filters and thus improve the signal to noise ratio at the expense of the reduced spatial resolution of the reconstructed image. To improve the reconstructed spatial resolution, measured phase contrast projections with high edge enhancement and the phase projections retrieved by TIE-Hom were weighted summed and fed into an iterative tomographic algorithm within the framework of the adaptive steepest descent projections onto convex sets (ASD-POCS), which was employed for suppressing the image noise in low dose reconstructions because of the sparse-view scanning strategy or low exposure time for single phase contrast projection. The merging strategy decreases the accuracy of the linear model of PB-PCCT and would finally lead to the reconstruction failure in iterative reconstructions. Therefore, the additive median root prior is also introduced in the algorithm to partly increase the model accuracy. The reconstructed spatial resolution and noise performance can be flexibly balanced by a pair of antagonistic hyper-parameters. Validations were performed by the established phase-contrast Feldkamp-Davis-Kress, phase-retrieved Feldkamp-Davis-Kress, conventional ASD-POCS and the proposed enhanced ASD-POCS with a numerical phantom dataset and experimental biomaterial dataset. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional ASD-POCS in spatial evaluation assessments such as root mean square error (a ratio of 9.78%), contrast to noise ratio (CNR) (a ratio of 7.46%), and also frequency evaluation assessments such as modulation transfer function (a ratio of 66.48% of MTF50% (50% MTF value)), noise power spectrum (a ratio of 35.25% of f50% (50% value of the Nyquist frequency)) and noise equivalent quanta (1-2 orders of magnitude at high frequencies). Experimental results again confirm the superiority of proposed strategy relative to the conventional one in terms of edge sharpness and CNR (an average increase of 67.35%).

A smart mask for active defense against airborne pathogens.

Face masks are a primary preventive measure against airborne pathogens. Thus, they have become one of the keys to controlling the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Common examples, including N95 masks, surgical masks, and face coverings, are passive devices that minimize the spread of suspended pathogens by inserting an aerosol-filtering barrier between the user's nasal and oral cavities and the environment. However, the filtering process does not adapt to changing pathogen levels or other environmental factors, which reduces its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. This paper addresses the limitations of passive masks by proposing ADAPT, a smart IoT-enabled "active mask". This wearable device contains a real-time closed-loop control system that senses airborne particles of different sizes near the mask by using an on-board particulate matter (PM) sensor. It then intelligently mitigates the threat by using mist spray, generated by a piezoelectric actuator, to load nearby aerosol particles such that they rapidly fall to the ground. The system is controlled by an on-board micro-controller unit that collects sensor data, analyzes it, and activates the mist generator as necessary. A custom smartphone application enables the user to remotely control the device and also receive real-time alerts related to recharging, refilling, and/or decontamination of the mask before reuse. Experimental results on a working prototype confirm that aerosol clouds rapidly fall to the ground when the mask is activated, thus significantly reducing PM counts near the user. Also, usage of the mask significantly increases local relative humidity levels.

Quantitative modeling of the impact of facemasks and associated leakage on the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

The ongoing worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 has set personal protective equipment in the spotlight. A significant number of countries impose the use of facemasks in public spaces and encourage it in the private sphere. Even in countries where relatively high vaccination rates are achieved at present, breakthrough infections have been frequently reported and usage of facemasks in certain settings has been recommended again. Alternative solutions, including community masks fabricated using various materials, such as cotton or jersey, have emerged alongside facemasks following long-established standards (e.g., EN 149, EN 14683). In the present work, we present a computational model to calculate the ability of different types of facemasks to reduce the exposure to virus-laden respiratory particles, with a focus on the relative importance of the filtration properties and the fitting on the wearer's face. The model considers the facemask and the associated leakage, the transport of respiratory particles and their accumulation around the emitter, as well as the fraction of the inhaled particles deposited in the respiratory system. Different levels of leakages are considered to represent the diversity of fittings likely to be found among a population of non-trained users. The leakage prevails over the filtration performance of a facemask in determining the exposure level, and the ability of a face protection to limit leakages needs to be taken into account to accurately estimate the provided protection. Filtering facepieces (FFP) provide a better protection efficiency than surgical and community masks due to their higher filtration efficiency and their ability to provide a better fit and thus reduce the leakages. However, an improperly-fitted FFP mask loses a critical fraction of its protection efficiency, which may drop below the protection level provided by properly-worn surgical and community masks.

Design of a confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy system and research on microplastics detection.

Traditional micro-Raman spectroscopy technology has the disadvantages of a weak signal and low signal-to-noise ratio. To fix these issues, a cost-effective and rigorous design method is proposed in this paper, whereby a confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy system is designed and built, and a low-cost reflector and high-pass filter are introduced into the Raman signal-receiving module. The Raman light incident is fully perpendicular to the coupling lens by adjusting the reflection angle of the mirror, making the focus of the coupling lens highly conjugate with the focus of the microscope objective, to enhance the intensity of the Raman signal and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. In order to better apply this technology to the detection and study of microplastics in offshore sediments, a reflective illumination light path is used to avoid the visual interference caused by the capillary structure and opacity of the glass cellulose filter membrane. The detection and analysis of the microplastics on the glass cellulose filter membrane have been carried out by the confocal micro-Raman system designed, which is low cost and capable of obtaining good detection results and meeting the requirements of microplastics detection. The system designed in this paper is expected to be applied to the research and development of Raman detection equipment for microplastics in marine sediments, which is beneficial to promote the development of marine microplastic monitoring technology in the world.

Hybrid plasmonic slot waveguide with a metallic grating for on-chip biosensing applications.

Designing reliable and compact integrated biosensors with high sensitivity is crucial for lab-on-a-chip applications. We present a bandpass optical filter, as a label-free biosensor, based on a hybrid slot waveguide on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The designed hybrid waveguide consists of a narrow silicon strip, a gap, and a metallic Bragg grating with a phase-shifted cavity. The hybrid waveguide is coupled to a conventional silicon strip waveguide with a taper. The effect of geometrical parameters on the performance of the filter is investigated by 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations. The proposed hybrid waveguide has potential for sensing applications since the optical field is pulled into the gap and outside of the silicon core, thus increasing the modal overlap with the sensing region. This biosensor offers a sensitivity of 270 nm/RIU, while it only occupies a compact footprint of 1.03µm×17.6µm.

Construction and validation of UV-C decontamination cabinets for filtering facepiece respirators: comment.

In their September 2020 paper [Appl. Opt.59, 7585 (2020)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.401602], Purschke et al. report UV-C transmittance measurements of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), including the 3M 1860, which is one of the most widely used FFRs. We have also measured the transmittance of this FFR in our two separate laboratories with multiple FFR samples, and we have obtained transmittance values similar to one another, but very different from what Purschke et al. reported for two of the four FFR layers.

Hierarchical Porous Recycled PET Nanofibers for High-Efficiency Aerosols and Virus Capturing.

Plastic crisis, especially for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles, has been one of the greatest challenges for the earth and human beings. Processing recycled PET (rPET) into functional materials has the dual significance of both sustainable development and economy. Providing more possibilities for the engineered application of rPET, porous PET fibers can further enhance the high specific surface area of electrospun membranes. Here, we use a two-step strategy of electrospinning and postprocessing to successfully control the surface morphology of rPET fibers. Through a series of optical and thermal characterizations, the porous morphology formation mechanism and crystallinity induced by solvents of rPET fibers were discussed. Then, this work further investigated both PM2.5 air pollutants and protein filtration performance of rPET fibrous membrane. The high capture capability of rPET membrane demonstrated its potential application as an integrated high-efficiency aerosol filtering solution.

The protective performance of reusable cloth face masks, disposable procedure masks, KN95 masks and N95 respirators: Filtration and total inward leakage.

Face coverings are a key component of preventive health measure strategies to mitigate the spread of respiratory illnesses. In this study five groups of masks were investigated that are of particular relevance to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: re-usable, fabric two-layer and multi-layer masks, disposable procedure/surgical masks, KN95 and N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Experimental work focussed on the particle penetration through mask materials as a function of particle diameter, and the total inward leakage protection performance of the mask system. Geometric mean fabric protection factors varied from 1.78 to 144.5 for the fabric two-layer and KN95 materials, corresponding to overall filtration efficiencies of 43.8% and 99.3% using a flow rate of 17 L/min, equivalent to a breathing expiration rate for a person in a sedentary or standing position conversing with another individual. Geometric mean total inward leakage protection factors for the 2-layer, multi-layer and procedure masks were <2.3, while 6.2 was achieved for the KN95 masks. The highest values were measured for the N95 group at 165.7. Mask performance is dominated by face seal leakage. Despite the additional filtering layers added to cloth masks, and the higher filtration efficiency of the materials used in disposable procedure and KN95 masks, the total inward leakage protection factor was only marginally improved. N95 FFRs were the only mask group investigated that provided not only high filtration efficiency but high total inward leakage protection, and remain the best option to protect individuals from exposure to aerosol in high risk settings. The Mask Quality Factor and total inward leakage performance are very useful to determine the best options for masking. However, it is highly recommended that testing is undertaken on prospective products, or guidance is sought from impartial authorities, to confirm they meet any implied standards.